Photo Credits Gallery
Below are the images used on the site and their sources.
We use all images for educational and illustrative purposes under fair use.
Disclaimer: Some images are reproduced from secondary sources where the original source could not be confirmed. All efforts have been made to credit the creators and repositories accurately based on available information.
Roland E. Laffitte, [Image illustrating Arabic names for stars], based on “Héritages arabes. Des noms arabes pour les étoiles,” Paris: Geuthner, 2002, 2006. Wikimedia Commons. Free use confirmed by author via VRTS (Ticket #2024050510001631)
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Constellation of Orion, from: Book of Constellations of the Fixed Stars by ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi, 1125 Baghdad copy, copied by ʿAli ibn ʿAbd al-Jalil ibn ʿAli ibn Muhammad. Manuscript held at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha (ms.2.1998, folio 126a).
Reproduced in: Emilie Savage-Smith, Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use, 2nd ed., 2013, p. 130.
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Excerpt from a manuscript of the Qabus-nama in Mazanderani script, dated 1388 AD.
Reproduced in: Enfel Doğan, On Translations of Qabus-nama during the Old Anatolian Turkish Period.
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Woodcut illustration from Praktyki o Komecie, Kraków, 1577, depicting the comet of 1472.
Note: Licensing information is not explicitly provided by the source website. This image is used here for educational purposes under fair use. If you are the rights holder and have concerns about this use, please contact us.
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“Sign of Sagittarius”, from ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi’s Ṣuwar al-Kawākib al-Thābita (Book of Fixed Stars), copied by calligrapher Wathiq b. ʿAli b. ʿUmar b. al-Husayn al-maʿrūf bi-Shawqi, Artuqid Mardin, 1131.
Manuscript held at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library, TSMK A. 3493, fol. 91b.
Reproduced in: Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection, Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library, Brill, 2019, pp. 161–211. DOI: 10.1163/9789004402508_005.
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Library scene from the Maqamat of al-Hariri, illustrated by Yahya ibn al-Wasiti, Baghdad, 1237 CE. Manuscript held at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Wikimedia Commons (contributor: Zereshk). This faithful reproduction of a public domain artwork is itself in the public domain.
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NASA (original image); edited or presented by Danilo Pivato. [Image title or subject, if available]. Public domain (NASA); used with attribution to editor where applicable.
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15th-century Persian miniature depicting astronomical instruction with astrolabe.” Manuscript MS 1418, Istanbul University Library. Image accessed via Muslim Heritage website, “Some Manuscripts and Printing Examples from Muslim Civilisations”
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Alaexis. Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand, Uzbekistan (15th century). August 2006. Photograph. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5.
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Veldwijk, Iris. “Samarkand Museums & Cultural Heritage Sites + 2021 Entry Fees for Foreigners.” Mind of a Hitchhiker, 27 October 2021
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Ala ad-Din Mansur-Shirazi. Ṣehinṣename (Book of the King of Kings), ca. 1574–1595, Istanbul University Library, F 1404, fol. 57a. Public domain.
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Tarikh-i Alfi, ca. 1593. Edwin Binney 3rd Collection, San Diego Museum of Art, Accession No. 1990.291. Public domain.
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Kunitzsch, Paul, and Tim Smart. A Dictionary of Modern Star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations. Sky Publishing Corporation, 2006
Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510–1512. Fresco. Apostolic Palace, Vatican City.
Found on Page: Observers of the Ancient Times
Theodor de Bry. Portrait of Claudius Ptolemy, 1596, frontispiece engraving. Institut of Applied Statistics, Art Department Archive. Public domain.
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Image source (tentative):
This image appears to depict the large planispheric astrolabe featured in the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art. While the exact provenance of the photograph is unconfirmed, the object and description align with information provided by the Khalili Collections.
Khalili Collection of Islamic Art: Large Planispheric Astrolabe (SCI161).
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Image source (tentative):
While the original source of this image is unverified, it closely resembles visuals featured on the educational site “Tools of the Trade – Instruments of Navigation” by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca.
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Al-Farghānī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. De Movimentis Celestibus (Latin translation of Kitāb al-Harakāt al-Samāwiyya wa-Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm). Nuremberg edition, 1537.
Image discussed in: “Alfraganus and His Book on Celestial Motions.” JASSA: Journal of Slavic Studies and Antiquities.
Note: Original source of image not verified. Image used here for educational and scholarly purposes under fair use.
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“Wooden Horary Quadrant, Persian, 18th Century.” Getty Images.
Note: Image source attributed to Getty Images. Original image not independently verified. Used here for educational and illustrative purposes under fair use.
Photo credit: Astro Tourism team members.
Note: Original publication details not available. Used here for illustrative and educational purposes under fair use.
Found on Blog: Maragha Observatory
Varjavand, Parviz. [Title unknown]. 1987, p. 5.
Note: Complete bibliographic details are unavailable. Citation based on visible reference.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Astrolabe: Attributed to ‘Umar ibn Yusuf (Rasulid Prince), ca. 1291–92, Yemen. Accession Number: 91.1.535.
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Image commonly used to depict Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī.
IslamiCity. Springs of Islamic Civilization.
Found on Page: Mathematics
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Economic History Society. The Spread of Hindu-Arabic Numerals in the Tradition of European Practical Mathematics.
Found on Page: Mathematics
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Scientia Magazine. The Scientific Advancements in Islamic Golden Age.
Found on Page: Science and Society
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Kharchoufa. The Islamic Golden Age of Science and Innovation.
Found on Page: Science and Society
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Peachy Essay. Islamic Philosophy: Its Origins and Development.
Found on Page: Science and Society
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Photo by RAVENA LAGES.
Found on Blog: Philosophy of Science
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Photo by Mavluda Tashbaeva.
Found on Blog: Science in Scientific Textbooks
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Photo by Alex Andrews.
Found on Page: Projects
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Image Source: The first color image from the James Webb Space Telescope, the deepest image taken to date, was revealed on July 11 (NASA).
Credit: NASA
Note: This image is credited to NASA, a U.S. government agency. As such, it is in the public domain under U.S. law.
Found on Page: Projects
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Image Source: Volker, J. (n.d.). Ancient Middle East Star Myths (Q–Z). Judy-Volker.com.
Note: Image accessed via source button below; original copyright status not verified. Included for educational use only.
Found on Page: Stars and Their Names
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Image Source: Juno, J. (n.d.). Greek Mythology and Astronomy. Runaway Juno.
Note: Image accessed via source button below; original source not confirmed. Used under fair use for educational, non-commercial purposes.
Found on Page: Stars and Their Names
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